Piri Reis . Doğum tarihi kesin olarak bilinmiyor. 1465-1470 arasında Gelibolu'da doğdu. Asıl adı Muhiddin Pirî'dir. Karamanlı Hacı Ali Mehmed'in oğlu ve ünlü Osmanlı denizcisi Kemal Reis'in yeğenidir. Akdeniz de korsanlık yapmakta olan amcasının yanında yaklaşık 1481'den sonra denize açıldı. 1487'de onunla birlikte İspanya'daki Müslümanlar'ın yardımına gitti. 1491-1493 arasında Sicilya, Sardunya, Korsika adalarına ve güney Fransa kıyılarına yapılan akınlara katıldı. Amcasıyla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti'nin hizmetine girerek 1499-1502 Osmanlı-Venedik Savaşı'nda bir savaş gemisinde kaptanlık yaptı. 1511'de amcasının ölümü üzerine Gelibolu'ya çekilerek Kitab-ı Bahriye (Denizcilik Kitabı) üzerinde çalıştı ve 1513'te bir dünya haritası çizdi. 1516 Mısır seferinde Osmanlı donanmasında kaptan olarak savaştı. 1517'de ilk çizdiği haritayı Yavuz Sultan Selim Han’a sundu. 1521'de Kitab-ı Bahriye'yi tamamladıktan sonra 1522'de Rodos seferine katıldı.1524'te sadrazam Makbul İbrahim Paşa'yı Mısır'a götüren gemiye kılavuzluk etti. Sadrazamın ilgilenmesi üzerine 1525'te Kitab-ı Bahriye'yi yeniden düzenleyerek onun aracılığıyla Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Han’a sundu. 1528'de çizdiği ikinci haritasını da padişaha armağan etti. 1528'den sonra güney denizlerinde görev yaptı. Portekizlilerin Aden'i alması üzerine Süveyş'teki Osmanlı donanmasına kaptan atanarak 26 Şubat 1548'de Aden'i geri aldı. 1552'de önemli bir Portekiz üssü olan Maskat'ı ve ardından Kişm Adası'nı alarak Hürmüz Kalesi'ni kuşattı. Portekizliler'in Basra Körfezi'ni kapatmak istediklerini duyarak kuzeye yöneldi. Katar Yarımadası'na, Bahreyn Adası'na egemen olarak Mısır'a geçti. Donanmayı Basra Körfezi'nde bıraktığı için sefer sırasında kendisinden yardımını esirgeyen Basra Valisi Kubâd Paşa'nın da girişimleriyle suçlu görülerek Kahire'de 1554 yılında idam edildi. Büyük bir denizci olduğu kadar büyük bir haritacı olan Pirî Reis, korsanlık günlerinden başlayarak gezip gördüğü yerleri yabancı kaynaklardan da yararlanarak tarihi ve coğrafi özellikleriyle birlikte kitabında anlatmış ve haritalarını çizmiştir. Kitab-ı Bahriye'nin nazımla yazılan ve denizcilikle ilgili tüm bilgilerin toplandığı başlangıç bölümünde, genel açıklamalardan sonra Ege ve Akdeniz adaları tanıtılarak denizle ilgili gözlem ve deneyim önemi vurgulanır. Fırtına, rüzgâr çeşitleri, pusula ve haritanın tanımından sonra dünyayı kaplayan denizler ve karaların oranı belirtilir. Portekizliler'in denizcilikteki ilerlemeleri ve keşifleri, Çin Denizi, Hint Okyanusu, Akdeniz ve Ege Denizi'ndeki rüzgârlar, Basra Körfezi, Atlas Okyanusu ayrıntılı biçimde anlatılır. Düz yazı ile anlatımın başladığı haritalı bölüm asıl metni oluşturur. Bu bölümde Çanakkale Boğazı'ndan başlayarak Ege Denizi kıyı ve adaları, Adriyatik Denizi kıyıları, Batı İtalya, Güney Fransa, Doğu İspanya kıyılarıyla çevresindeki adalara ilişkin tarihi, coğrafi bilgiler verilerek Kuzey Afrika kıyıları, Filistin, Suriye, Kıbrıs ve Anadolu kıyıları izlenerek Marmaris'te tüm Akdeniz'in havzası noktalanır. 1513'te çizdiği ilk haritasında Kristof Kolomb'un 1498'de çizdiği Amerika haritasından, Portekiz ve Arap haritalarından yararlandığını belirtir. Elde kalan parçası Avrupa ve Afrika'nın batı kıyılarıyla Atlas Okyanusunu, Antil Adalarını, orta ve Güney Amerika'yı gösterir. 1528'de çizdiği ikinci haritasından günümüze kalan parça, büyük bir dünya haritasının kuzey batı köşesi olup Atlas Okyanusu'nun kuzeyini, kuzey ve orta Amerika'nın yeni keşfedilmiş kıyılarını ve Grönland'dan Florida'ya uzanan kıyı şeridini içerir. Adalar ve kıyılar son keşiflere dayalı olarak daha doğru çizilidir. Keşfedilmeyen yerler ise beyaz bırakılarak, bilinmediği için çizilmediği belirtilir. İlk haritadan daha büyük ölçekli ve gelişkin olan ikincisi, teknik olarak döneminin en ileri örneğidir. ESERİ: Kitab-ı Bahriye, (Yeni harflerle, Denizcilik Kitabı, 2 kitap, Y. Senemoğlu (haz),Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser) xxxxxxxxxx English Biography Piri Reis Muhiddin Piri was born in Gelibolu, one of the important centers of Turkish navigation between 1465 and 1470. The exact date of his birth is not known. His father was Hadji Mehmet, and his uncle was Kemal Reis, one of the famous captains of those times. He started working as a pirate when he was 11, and then he sailed together with his uncle Kemal Reis, who entered civil service and took part in various sea battles between 1487 and 1493. It is because of his success in the wars between 1499 and 1502 that he was first mentioned separately in Turkish navigation history. At the same time, he may have seized the map of Colombus in one of the wars against Portuguese. In 1511, he left seas upon his uncles death and turned back to Gelibolu; engaged in map drawing, and then entered into service of great Turkish sailor Barbarossa (1476-1546). During seizure of Egypt (1516-1517), he came out much successful with ships under his command in occupation of Alexandria, which was an important sea base. Such success helped his introduction to Sultan Selim (1517-1520) and his presentation to him the world map which he completed in Gelibolu in 1513. After Egypt expedition, Piri turned back to Gelibolu and started to work on The Book of Navy. Some chaos emerged in Egypt at the same time. It was agreed that Piri should guide the navy to be sent to Egypt to take Pargali Ibrahim Pasha there to put down the rebellion. A storm broke out during the campaign and ships had to take shelter in Rhodes for a period of time. Such event provided the opportunity for Piri to meet Pasha. Pargali had noticed that Piri Reis used frequently some notes, which was the book he was preparing, during the campaign and wanted him to turn these notes into a book. As a matter of fact, Piri completed this book and presented to Sultan Suleyman at the hands of Ibrahim Pasha. The Naval Book attracted admiration of the Ruler. It was succeeded by the second world map only the first part of which now we have in hand, called the map of North America. Portuguese seized Aden at those times. Ottoman State commissioned Piri Reis as Indian Captain and wanted him to take Aden back. Piri took Aden back in 1548 and made invasions at the shores of Umman Sea. His successes made his enemies angry. Basra Emir informed Istanbul that he left the navy in Basra. Upon Egypt Governor Dukayin-zade Mehmet Pasha's agreeing with his idea, Piri Reis, who was over eighty, was executed in Cairo in 1555. First World Map of Piri Reis As far as we found out from a note on this map which shows Southwestern Europe, Northwestern Africa, Southeastern and Middle America shores on a parchment with 90/60 size, which was found in Topkapi Palace in 1929, it was the part of a big world map he drew in Gelibolu in 1513 and then presented to Egyptian Sultan Selim in 1517 (1512-1520). The map showed mountains in embossed design, the rivers were shown with thick lines, stony places were black, sandy and shallow places were shown with red points, stony places not visible in the sea with crosses. The map was embellished with common plant, animal pictures, and notes about regions. This was a map which aimed at introducing shores and islands without latitudes and longitudes. There are two compass roses one in the south and one in the north instead of latitudes and longitudes. Lines dividing each compass roses into 32 sections extend along the map, with two tables showing vemin sections. The lines and scales from wind roses are useful for measuring the distance between ports. In general, this map was thought to lack mathematical foundation. However, investigations showed that in Piri Reis' map, there were five projection centers on Atlantic Ocean. Latitudes and longitudes can easily be drawn on this map. Anyway, he told in his Naval Book that this map was drawn very carefully and that any mistake no matter how small would mislead the users of such map and that such map should not be used. Piri Reis took advantage of 34 maps. The dates of 20 of those are not certain. 8 of them are maps called Caferiye by Muslim geographers. 4 of them are new maps drawn by Portuguese: 1 is Columbus' map. He says about this issue in his Naval book: Ol kitabıyla ider iyâd Dahi sonra durmaz açar ol ili Hartısı ta kim geldi bize Varup Antilyeyi ider aşikâr Şimdi meşhur eylemiştir ol yolu İş bu zor kim dedim cümle size. One of the notes on the map also reveal that a Spanish person who was taken captive by Kemal Reis and who had taken part in three of the four travels of Columbus gave much information about Columbus' discoveries. Since Columbus' map is lost, the only original document we have is this map of Piri Reis. Piri remained faithful to the map by Columbus while drawing American coasts and repeated it in many points. Antilles and Cuba Island in the Map were shown as a continent in line with the claims of Columbus. Columbus believed that Cuba coasts comprised a continent when he was there in 1494, and made Notary Fernand Perez de Luna, who was in the ship, write that. He also made the crew sign this document. This document dated 12 June 1494 stated that each crew who agreed and signed that Cuba was a continent would be fined 10.000 maravides apart from his tongue's being cut. In addition, Piri called an island "Kalera" since Columbus named a cape in Trinidad as "Kalera". Haiti, which was called Spanish, was shown as Spain Island by Piri. 12 islands to the southeast of Haiti were called Undizi Vergine. He used Italian, the native language of Columbus instead of Spanish Onze word. In addition, Columbus showed South America as a group of islands. Piri, being inspired with that, drew many imaginary islands with parrot pictures on, across Trinidat island. He made use of new Portuguese islands while drawing South America. Those were maps drawn by America Vespuci, Pinson, Juan de Solis until 1508. Moreover, some of the place names in South American coasts are similar to their names today. The places of primary rivers in these regions such as Santa Agostini, San Megali, San Francisko, Porto Ralli, Totel Santo, Abroklok, Cab Frio, Kantenio are shown, but their names were not written. It is interesting that La Plata river, which did not attract attention of Pinzon and Juan de Solis, was shown on the map. His extending south of South America toward east shows Batlamius effect. As a matter of fact, Naval Book showed south of South America as sea, not land. There are pictures of ships on the map. Those were drawn to show the discoveries of the travelers. For example, the note next to the ship picture in the vicinity of Santianio Island states that a Genoese named Nnaton had discovered this island. To the north of Guinea, there is the picture of a big ship picture with a woman and a man lighting fire on fish three people, a boat and three people ahead illustrating Santo Brandan myth. Piri indicates that he took these myths not from Portuguese but old Mappa Mundis. The map bears historical value because of its being drawn in terms of much of a scientific approach for its times and because it is the only map drawn using Columbus map of which today we have neither the original nor a copy. Second World Map (1528) 15 years after drawing of the first map of Piri Reis in 1528, a second World Map was drawn in Gelibolu again. Today we have a 68/69 cm undersigned part of it. This part contains north Atlantic Ocean, the coasts of North and Middle America discovered at those times. The map starts with Greenland in the north. The first land toward south was called Bakala and the lower one was named Terre neuv, with an indication that those were discovered by Portuguese. Florida peninsula, named St. Batisto by him which is drawn very accurately follows that. It was added to Porto Rico in the previous map. The lands on the side are Honduras and Yukatan peninsulas discovered in 1519. Cuba and Haiti were drawn very accurately. Isl di Vana was written on Cuba Island. The mistakes on the previous map were corrected. There are wind roses divided into 32 equal sections instead of longitudes and latitudes in this map too. According to two scales divided into 20 parts and the explanations, the distance between the parts is 50 miles, and between the points is 10 miles. Tropic of Cancer, which was not visible in the previous map was drawn and named günuzadısı. It was drawn over Cuba Island. More correctly, it should have gone over a little more to the north. There are some mistakes on the map compared to today's maps. This is because of not taking into consideration the position of 10-13 degrees in the compasses of those days. All maps of western origin bear the same mistakes too. The coasts of this map are drawn much more successfully compared to the previous ones, some blank places were filled and some were left blank. This shows that Piri had a scientific approach and he followed discoveries on time and step by step. We can say that this map is one of the most successful maps with regard to map technique drawn in that century. Kaynak: www.ozturkler.com